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Random Reinforcement

WHAT IT IS AND HOW IT AFFECTS YOUR TRADING

Some of you may have heard the term "Random Reinforcement. I have read that approximately 85% of all daytraders end up losing money and go "out of business". Some say the percentage is even higher than that, which would not surprise me. You would think that with all the educational material, fast computers, seminars, chat rooms and magazine articles out there, that the percentage of losers would not be so high.

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So why is it so? Why do so many traders end up failing? Daytrading, as with any business venture, has a lot of skills you must master in order to become successful. You must master money management, executions, technical analysis, tape reading, level 2 skills and computer skills. These can be learned fairly easy with some study and practice. Let's take money management for example, which is crucial for success. You have "x' amount of dollars in your trading account. You are willing to part with "x%" of that amount before you will throw in the towel and quit trading as a business. For each trade, there is "x%" that you are willing to lose should your stop get hit. Knowing this and where you will have to place your stop based on the particular stock you are trading, you adjust your shares accordingly. That's pretty basic. Technical analysis can be learned by reading and studying, much the same way you did in school. You have a certain subject, you study each night and you become proficient in it after applying yourself.

Most traders have been in trades where they got creamed, not because a stop was blown, but because their execution skills where lacking for the type of stock they were trading. For example, trading a thinly traded stock with jumpy levels. Tough to execute if it goes against you. But, this too can easily be avoided by merely observing your stock on level 2 before your entry. The safety can be determined almost instantaneously. Even after all the above mentioned skills are mastered, traders continue to lose. Why? The reason why is because stops are blown, and winning trades are not allowed to mature. But it's not enough to tell someone not to blow a stop and let your profits run. How can you stop doing something if you don't understand why you're doing it in the first place? In order to "fix" something, you must understand what is causing the problem. If you were a car mechanic, in order to fix your engine, don't you have to know what is causing the problem? Sure, you might be able to come up with a temporary duct tape fix for it, but it won't last. You must know the source of the problem before coming up with a permanent solution.

The problem affecting our trading is due to Random Reinforcement. Random Reinforcement is defined as: "Having behaviors reinforced with positive or negative results on an inconsistent basis". So this means that today we perform a certain action and are rewarded for it. Same thing happens tomorrow, but then on the third day, we perform the same action and are punished by it, and so on, in a random fashion. This makes effective learning, in the traditional sense, almost impossible. Can you imagine being a great football player, and one weekend you score 3 touchdowns and receive a lot of praise for it and the next weekend you do the same thing and receive a beating? When we were babies, every action was met with either negative or positive reinforcement from our parents on a consistent basis. When we performed some type of action, like clean our plate up, we were rewarded positively. Every time we did something wrong, we were punished, sometimes with a spanking. So we have been conditioned to receive reward and punishment based upon our actions, and it comes consistent with our actions in most of our everyday lives. When we were in school, every time we got an "A" on the report card we received positive reinforcement. Every time a "D" showed up, we received negative reaction from our parents. This was consistent. We knew this. We always knew getting an "A" would reap benefits. We always knew if we made the big play in sports, we would get praise, and opposite when we did poorly. This reward/punishment always occured on a consistent basis. The same thing happens in the business world as well. So all throughout our lives, we are conditioned to receive positive reaction and reward for things we do well and opposite for things we do badly.

Animals are the same way. Take a dog for instance, if you want to train him to perform a certain act, you will reward him for doing it. So he becomes conditioned to do the same act over and over because he knows he will get reward for it. The trading world is different. It will reward and punish us on a random, inconsistent basis. Sometimes we are rewarded with big profits even though we did the wrong thing, and sometimes we are punished with a loss even though we follow all the rules and go by the book. It doesn't make much sense.

Now enters Joe Schmoe and he decides to give trading a go at it, bringing all his life long conditioning with him. So he starts trading, not really knowing what he's doing at all. He can't keep a stop, much less knows what one is. But he's been doing well, every time the market goes against his position, he just hangs on, because the market "always" turns around so that he can at least get out even or with a good profit. He has been conditioned to blow stops, because up to this point, he has not experienced any negative consequences as a result of it. So, even though he is trading badly, he is winning. Then one day, he blows a stop again, only this time, the market does not come back. Ever! And he is finally forced to take a huge loss to make the pain go away. So now he has just been severely punished for doing something that used to reap him big rewards. That's confusing.

Let me give you a couple of real life examples that come to mind. One of my friend's, who also used to trade in the stock market, had taken a $12,000 account up to about $130,000 in about a two year time period. Most of that came by playing one particular favorite stock of hers. She would usually play 1000 to 2000 shares at a time. Trying to buy the lows and sell the highs. If the position went against her, she would always hang on. The stock always came back for her. She would call me all the time and tell me of the killing she was making. I knew eventually she would get caught up in her underwear and take a huge hit. Then in about April of 1999, she decided to go short 2000 shares. She was sure the market was going to take a big hit due to the upcoming Y2K deal. Well, it turned out, she shorted almost the absolute 52 week low of that stock. She would not cover, even with losses mounting. Why should she? After all, the market has always come back, and it will this time. Right? This is what she used to tell me. But no.........she was sure the market would tank because of Y2K. Well, to make a long story short, she ended up being forced to cover by her broker, and ended up losing all but about $20K of her $130K fortune.

One other trader comes to mind who used to be in one of the chat rooms I used to belong to. He came to the room with a modest account size. Those of you who were active in the market during the fall of 1999 will remember all the runners we were having almost everyday. This guy started playing these runners and was doing well. He tripled his account in about a three week time period. He was blowing stops during this time also, but the stocks always came back for him, thereby, rewarding him for doing something really stupid. I even remember him bragging about how he used to make more money per day in pre-market trading than most people make in a week. Then one day the inevitable happened. The runners crapped out. They went down instead of up. And they kept going down on him. Blown stop after blown stop. He refused to listen to reason. Why? Because he had been conditioned that this was how you make money. Blow that stop, it will always come back. It wasn't long before his small fortune evaporated, and he left with less than he started out with. I did not feel sorry for him at all.

So our actions in the market are reinforced with positive and negative reaction on a random basis. How many times have you been in a trade with a mental stop, only to blow it and say to yourself, " The last time I bailed out at my stop, only to sell out at the exact bottom and see it race up 3 points over my entry, so I'm gonna hang on". So you hang on, blow your stop, the stock does not bounce for you, and you finally bail out for a huge loss. This is because you "learned" that blowing the stop was okay. Or on the other hand, you get into a position and see it going your way. Everything is working according to plan, but you say to yourself, " The last time this happened, I didn't take my profit, and the stock turned on me, going down below my entry, and I ended up with a loss, when I could have had a profit. So I'm gonna take my small profit now". The stock then continues on up for another 2 points, and you're sitting there now saying, " I sold to soon". Wow, this trading can sure mess with the mind!

I bet you that if you could have someone stand behind you with a 2x4 while you were trading, and beat you over the head with it every time you blew a stop, you would quit blowing them. Why? Because the punishment would occur on a consistent basis, and you would "learn", that blowing a stop is bad and painful, every time. I would personally rather lose a little money than get whacked over the head. Obviously, this is not practical.

Okay, Random Reinforcement is always going to be present. We can't get rid of it and make it go away. So knowing what it is and how it can play with our minds is the first step. The only way to deal with a market that rewards and punishes us on an inconsistent basis is to stick with our rules and discipline and disassociate yourself from the money. You must learn to feel good about your trading, not whether or not you made or lost money, but on your ability to stick with your rules. At the end of every trading session, you should ask your self: "Did I stick with my rules?. Rules and discipline are the only things constant in an inconsistent market. That is why it's vitally important to stick with them. If you don't you will lose in the long run. The money is merely a by-product of your trading. If you follow proper trading discipline it will come. Don't try to make your million over night. My basic philosophy with regard to trading is this: I am doing what I want to do and having fun doing it. I am making a good living for myself and continue to improve my trading. Even if I was to hit the lottery today, I would still trade. So why do I have to make my million overnight if I would trade anyway? So, to put it into a nutshell, the core reason we lose, is because we are trading in a market that rewards and punishes us on an inconsistent basis. By understanding this concept, we can appreciate why its so important to stick with discipline.